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Our mission is primarily to enlighten and inform. Whether we do business or not, we'd like you to bookmark our page for the non-sales content. We will produce a series of articles, covering many aspects of the aquarium hobby from how the industry works to marine mammals in the oceans.   We also intend on having one of the most complete listings of where many fish, corals, and invertebrates are from.   We also hope to build an equally thorough collection of photos for coral identification. In other words, a resource center everyone can learn from.

Achieving production targets within a breeding enterprise is assisted by developing a breeding program that utilises genetic and reproduction knowledge and technologies.

The productive potential of an animal is defined by its genetic makeup which then interacts with environmental factors, such as nutrition, to determine the extent to which the potential is realised.

Using the best available genetics allows producers to potentially improve the animal's contribution to enterprise profit, and reproductive management aims to ensure that the desirable genes that have been selected are transferred from one generation to the next.

Breeding objectives and selection

An enterprise's breeding program beings by defining a breeding objective. A breeding objective describes the 'ideal' animal a producer aims to breed and is influenced by market requirements which are reflected in market specifications.

Once a producer has developed a breeding objective that reflects market requirements, livestock that demonstrate traits that suit the breeding objective can be selected.

Visual and genetic assessment

Selection should consider both subjectively measured traits, such as those measured through visual assessment, and objectively measured traits, such as those identified through measurement or genetic assessment.

The difficult task of selecting breeding stock based on genetic assessment is made easier and more precise through estimated breeding values (EBVs) for cattle and goats and Australian sheep breeding values (ASBVs) for sheep.

Livestock in Australia

Livestock production 

As part of MLA's goal to develop competitive advantages and increase industry capability for the red meat industry, the company is involved in a broad range of research and development (R&D) activities on-farm to provide practical information for Australian red meat and livestock producers.

The areas covered by these activities include the following production topics:

• Animal health, welfare and biosecurity
• Grazing and pasture management
• Genetics and breeding
• Feeding, finishing and nutrition
• Environmental management
• Business management
• Market preparation
  

MLA sees the importance of equipping producers with information that will increase on-farm productivity and profitability to ensure Australia is able to supply the best possible red meat product to our key markets.

MLA delivers the results of these investments through publications, workshops, networks, and electronic channels, to increase the adoption of R&D outcomes and to demonstrate the commercial benefits of new technologies and systems. 

Grazing & pasture management

Pasture is a critical resource in grazing operations. The interaction between grazing and pasture management influences the profitability and sustainability of an enterprise.

Pasture management is the process of ensuring pasture persistence, maintaining soil nutrition for growth and making the best use of the pasture.

Grazing management is the total process of organising livestock to make the best use of the pastures grown.

Improved pasture

Improved pastures can play an important role in lifting the productivity and profitability of an enterprise. Management considerations for improved pasture include:

• Pasture growth - by understanding pasture growth, producers are able to maximise pasture utilisation while maintaining good land and pasture condition.
• Pasture establishment - preparing and sowing or seeding an improved pasture.
• Pasture management - ongoing management of the pasture to maximise the productivity and persistence of the pasture.
• Grazing management - organising livestock to make the best use of the pastures grown.
  

Native pasture

A native pasture is a permanent or semi-permanent pasture made up of plant species that are normally found growing wild in a particular area. Management considerations for a native pasture include:

• Pasture growth - understanding the different phases of pasture growth and how grazing pressure can affect plants at different times during their life cycle.
• • Grazing management - organising livestock to make the best use of native pastures without adversely impacting on the pasture composition or land condition.
  • Fire - enhancing land condition through the prescribed burning of vegetation, controlling regrowth and promoting desirable plant growth while suppressing undesirable plant growth.
  • Tree-grass balance - trees play an important role in grazing land ecosystems and maintaining a tree-grass balance is important in sustainable production.
    

  Weed control

  Weeds cost Australian agriculture in excess of $4billion annually through their effects on the quality and quantity of the pasture resource base, physical animal injury and plant toxins consumed in the grazing process. Management considerations for weed control include:
  • Principles - producers should be aware of the six principles of weed control and be mindful of them when devising their weed management plan.
  • Implementation - producers need to address a series of key questions when planning and implementing an effective weed control and pasture improvement program.
  • Priority weeds - weeds are often categorised into broad groups depending on their characteristics and impacts.
    

  Forage crops

  Forage crops can be an important tool for producers provided the right crop is selected and carefully managed during establishment and grazing to ensure maximum productivity is achieved. Management considerations for forage crops include:
  • Selection - There are a range of forage crops available to producers and the right crop will depend on several variables.
  • Establishment - Soil nutrition, weed control and sowing or seeding are important considerations when seeking to establish a forage crop.
  • Management - Once established, careful management is required to ensure that the crop is fully utilised in its most productive and nutritious phases of growth.

 

Sahiwal Bull

Sahiwal, a breed of  cattle, hails from the Sahiwal district of Pakistan, a dry region of Punjab which lies along the IndoPak border. This breed is reputed to be tick-resistant and exhibit high tolerance to heat. The cows are the heaviest milkers of all zebu breeds and average 2,270 kg. of milk during a lactation. As oxen the Sahiwal is generally docile and lethargic, making it more useful for slow work. Their color ranges from reddish brown to the more predominant red, with varying amounts of white on the neck, and the underline.

KANGAYAM

Origin

Possibly this mixture has given the breed its larger size in comparison with other cattle of the Mysore type. This breed, in its native area, is also known by other names of Kanganad and Kongu though the name Kangayam is well-known.
These cattle are bred in the southern and southeastern area of the Coimbatore district of Madras State in India.

It is observed that there are two varieties of Kangayam cattle, one small and the other large. The smaller variety is found to be more numerous in the Kangayam, Dharampuram, Udmalpet, Pollachi, Paddadam and Erode subdivisions, while the larger variety is found in the areas of Karur, Aravakurchi and Dindigul subdivisions.
The breed is found in its pure form in the herds of some large breeders, notably the Pattagar of Palayakottai, who is supposed to have one of the best herds of the breed in the country

local breeds of asia

INTRODUCTION: Often we hear people speaking about "flying cows" with a very low scientific rigour, frequently exceeding into quackery. It's time to define more precisely this subject, to avoid gratuitous and unproved statements made by crooked scientists, making the whole discipline fall into disrepute.
The study of bovine flight is surely difficult by the loath nature of these ruminants, shrinking from any superfluous exhibitionism which is characteristic, for instance, of the birds, but prefere instead a discreet flying activity, mainly for ludic and trophic purposes (i.e. attainment of the higher and tenderer leaves of the trees): anyway plenty of detailed scientific evidences on bovine flight are available and are exposed in the next pages.
We can start defining cattle flying activity as buptery from the Greek boûV = cattle and pterón = wing. It must remark the almost perfect coincidence with the name butteri, the Italian Maremma cow boys, and this gives us a clear indication about the real duties of butteri in the past: air traffic controllers, not just stockpersons.
ANATOMICAL AND PHYISIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES OF BOVINE FLIGHT: The absence of wings in cattle is of common knowledge, therefore it must deem the only explanation of this phenomenon is jet propulsion, by means of physiological emission of methane, carbon dioxide, scatole, indole and other gases; since this emission occurrs from both body orifices, located at the opposite ends of the body, cattle have a fine direction and speed control, even if their flight is more noisy than birds flight, not being detrimental anyway, since cattle haven't any flying predator, and don't prey upon other species.
The flying activity requires modifications of sense-organs, assuring a correct orientation during migrations and body stability during flight, even in critical situations (glides, dives, pull-ups), which is of basic importance, seen the lacking aerodinamic property of the species. It's clear that horns are the organs aimed to this task, since they're placed above the head, like the other sense-organs, and oriented towards the flight direction; their importance is confirmed by the fact that flightless species (horses, donkeys, pigs) have no horns, and is moreover proved by the practice of dehorning in modern farms, aimed not only to prevent stockpersons and other cattle from being wounded, but mainly to impeach an escape by wings of animals having sometimes a high value.
On the other hand, centuries old wisdom of the breeders gives a very clear indication of their worries about cattle flying escapes, by means of technical devices like tie stall housing, and narrow windows in the oldest barns, so that cattle couldn't pass through.
It must remark that the most part of cattle parasites can fly (horse-flies, gad-flies, warble flies, etc.): should we suppose either a parasites' adaptation to flight, aimed to follow their host or that cattle learnt to fly to escape parasites? And anyway, why should an insect need wings to reach a host bound to the ground?
BUPTERE ETHNOLOGY: The different horn size of the different breeds are indicative of the different flying skill between them: Maremmana breed (fig.1) has particularly wide horns and is traditionally tended by butteri who, as seen previously, were at first real air traffic controllers.
Another cattle breed with particularly wide horns is Scottish "Highland" (fig.2), and it's easy to remark the meaningful etymology of the name:"high", like a flight, and "land", with the evident meaning of "cattle landing after a high flight".
Even Ayrshire breed name (fig.3) recalls more airlines than cattle, and it must remark that both Highlands and Ayrshire are in Scotland, not far from Loch Ness, seat of a paranormal reality negated by the official science? (see "Loch Ness: a negated reality" by the same Author).
The different coats of each breed suggest different flight habits: the black spotted breeds, like Holstein (fig.4), but even more the red spotted, like Simmental (fig.5), have evidently a showy colour to avoid collisions between them during formation flight, while breeds with uniform dark coat are those flying prevalently by night, with a mimetic purpose (fig.6, Aberdeen Angus, another Scottish breed: it's only by chance?). The British beef breed more widespread in the world is named Hereford, whose pronunciation recalls "airport", and which is mainly polled, so flightless, and this agrees with the red and white coat, with well distinct fields, typical of ground service vehicles on the airport runways (fig.7).

Traditional Rural Poultry

Traditional Rural Poultry 

•Almost every rural household and some urban households raise poultry

•Poultry Population      73.65 million

•Contribution to egg production 41.6%

•Contribution to meat production 24.3%

•Breeds: 3 local, 2 imported

•Hatching: Brooding hens

•Feeding: Scavengers

•Important Diseases: Newcastle disease, Fowl cholera, Fowl pox

Livestock Production Systems

Livestock Production Systems.

•Cattle and Buffaloes

- Rural Subsistence Small Holdings

- Rural Market Oriented Small Holdings

- Rural Commercial Farming

- Peri-urban/Urban Commercial Dairying

- Desert Cattle Farming

- Corporate Dairy Farming

•Sheep and Goats

- Nomadic

- Transhumant

- Sedentary / Household

•Poultry

- Rural (range) Poultry

- Intensive Poultry

Livestock and Poultry Sectors in Pakistan

Livestock and Poultry Sectors in Pakistan. 

Livestock in national economy.  

•Share in agri. GDP 53.2 %

•Livestock in Pak GDP 11.4 %

•Livestock in export   8.5 % 

•Dependent families > 8.5 m

•Provides raw material for industry

•Social security for rural poor

•Security against crop failure in barani areas  

Livestock Population

                                                      (Million  Heads)

Province Cattle   Buffalo    Sheep   Goat   Camel

Pakistan (2006)    29.6      27.3       26.5      53.8     0.9

Pakistan (2010)    34.3      30.8      27.8      59.9     1.0

         

Per cent distribution

Khyber Phakhtunkhaw 20       7       13         18        7

Punjab                          49     65       24         37      22

Sindh                             23     27       15         23      30

Balochistan                     8       1       48         22      41

Economic Survey (2009-10)

Livestock Census (2006)